Fight Club :: essays research papers

Fight Club appears to be a sequel to Clockwork Orange (1971) for the yuppie X Generation, half of whom see their parents get a divorce and are fatherless teenagers. (The word "clockwork" is in the script!) Jack (played by Edward Norton) narrates the film, explaining how his 1997 life of white-collar employment and middle-class materialistic success bored him until he fell under the spell of Tyler Durden (played by Brad Pitt), who takes on part-time jobs so that he can engage in mischief to deal with his own identity crisis. In the early part of the film Jack has insomnia, but his physician will not give him stronger sleeping pills, urging him instead to attend alcoholics anonymous-type groups so that he will meet those with real problems. Initially, the nightly meetings provide enough emotional catharsis so that Jack can get a good night sleep. Then Marla (played by Helena Bonham Carter), another faker, starts attending the same meetings, so impotent Jack no longer enjoys t he experience. Looking for something different, one night in the parking lot outside a bar Jack meets Tyler, who asks him to slug him. The exhilaration of the fight prompts them to repeat the ritual, and ultimately Jack abandons his yuppie lifestyle to live in Tyler's ramshackle house (after Tyler secretly plants a bomb to destroy his condo). Others, watching the two slug it out, soon want to fight, too, whereupon Tyler organizes the Fight Club, eight rules in all, which meets in the basement under the bar. (The eight rules appear patterned on the famous 12-step programs of the AA groups.) Interchangeable parts in an overbureaucratized world, where everyone is employed and thus feels no compulsion to become politically active to get politicians on the ball, the club's members belong to the working class in contrast with middle class Jack and Tyler. Fight Club's camaraderie provides the psychological support so that they can revert to their own animalistic resources. Only Tyler enjoy s sex (with Marla). The others seem so crude in appearance that they have obviously not been able to seek release via sex; that they enjoy a nihilistic men's club, where men are topless, is a clear sign of repressed homosexuality. Only through showing muscle can they feel like men after their demasculinized postindustrial jobs. In due course, Tyler changes the Fight Club into Project Mayhem, a club with fascist rules that stockpiles explosives in Tyler's home preparatory to blowing up high rises.

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay

Physical Skills * Arm height * Head position * Speed of arm rotations during delivery * Ability to bowl for extended periods of time * Speed of the run up Arm Height Effects of High Actions: * Extra bounce than usual * Extra pace and sometimes bowlers are able to skid the ball too * Extra Balance in the delivery stride * Extra accuracy, if the bowler has a side on action notably. Head Position This shows a delivery side on. The head position of this player is kept facing the target, straight and steady at all times. Focusing on the target will provide the following things: * The delivery will ultimately go where targeted at * No possible injuries to the neck; any sudden jerks will stretch the neck muscles and sometimes will result in strains and tears * It will help in the momentum and balance in the delivery stride Speed of Shoulder Rotations If a player wants to bowl quickly, the main aspects of bowling quickly is 1. The speed of which the shoulder rotates and 2. An explosive action. Shoaib Ahktar, for example, has both of these and bowls with tremendous pace, the rotations of his shoulder allow him to exceed speeds of over 9Omph each delivery. Ability to bowl for extended periods of time In this scorecard of a 1938 Test Match, M G Waite, a single bowler bowls 72 overs. In doing this requires massive Cardiovascular Endurance, Stamina and Motivation. Two other bowlers bowled over 😠¯ between them, but these bowlers were spinners. M G Waite was most likely to be a seam bowler so this type of bowler must be prepared for extensive bowling, including breaks at intervals though. Speed of the run up Fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillie and Michael Holding all ball with outstanding pace and to do this they must have a source: The Run Up. Both these bowlers have unusually long run ups, Dennis Lillie’s at 47 paces and Michael Holding’s at 5O. Cardiovascular Endurance and Stamina play a big part in maintaining there pace and consistency The run up of these bowlers should be Smooth, Balanced, Economical, Rhythmic and Consistent. * Small steps initially; led to larger strides * The body ‘leans’ forward * The arms stay close to the body * The hands remain in motion, carried above the waistband and the within the width of the trunk * The head remains steady, with the eyes fixed on the target.

Influence of Drugs to Youngsters - 9405 Words

Laoag City THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTER SONNY MADAMBA February 2013 THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTERS I. INTRODUCTION Prohibited drugs are often addictive. The word â€Å"addictive† means that a person will want to keep taking the drug. They can also be bad for the health and could cause death if overdosed. Drugs can be highly addictive, and that’s one of the main dangers. Drug abuse – two words that strike fear, confusion and concern into parent’s hearts. And with good reasons, as drug abuse can have a serious, life changing impact on youngsters, their physical and mental health is at stake. Most of the drugs are†¦show more content†¦Often they will sacrifice everything for the drug. One of the most dangerous effects of addiction is denial. The urge to use is so strong that the mind find many ways to rationalize the drug use and addiction. You may drastically underestimate the quantity of drugs you are taking, how much it impacts your life, and the level of control to use drugs. Denial is an unconscious defense mechanism. Minimizing and rationalizing the addiction is less harmless than admitting that drug use is dangerously out of control. But the prize of denial can be extremely high including the loss of important relationships, job finances, security and physical and mental stability. If you are really to admit you have a drug problem, congratulations! Recognizing that you have a drug problem is the first step on the road to recovery, one that takes tremendous courage and strength. Facing addiction without minimizing the problem or making excuses can be frightening and overwhelming, but recovery is within reach. If you are ready to change and willing to seek help, make a commitment. Sooner, your recovery will prosper and will build a satisfying, drug free life. Don’t try to do it alone. It’s all too easy to get discouraged and rationalize â€Å"GETTING HIGH ONE MORE TIME.† Whether or not you choose to go to a Drug Rehabilitation Program, rely on self-help programs, counseling, support is essential. Recovering from addictionShow MoreRelatedJuveniles and Drug Abuse946 Words   |  4 PagesJuveniles and Drug Abuse America Abstract A drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the bodys functions when it is consumed. Therefore, many common foods qualify as drugs. According to this definition, some of our most cherished beverages such as tea, coffee, and cola are drugs. However this paper focuses on drugs that are abused by teenagers. Surveys show that cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and inhalants are the most commonly used drugs among teenagers age thirteen through eighteenRead MorePerformance-enhancing Drugs and Athletes674 Words   |  3 Pagesability of athletes is known as doping. Doping are performance-enhancing drugs which are used in sports. The uses of these drugs are considered to be unethical as it gives competitors an unfair advantage. Sports is seen as an activity based on full ethics and complete discipline. With the invention of performance-enhancing drugs in sports, it gives athletes a greater opportunity of cheating. There are many different types of drugs however the most common ones that are used include Steroids, AmphetaminesRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Society1637 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals are experiencing this overwhelming sickness. Depression influences individuals of both sexes, all ages, and any foundation and does not run in the genes. Individuals once trusted that teenagers never experienced any type of serious gloom. Regardless some believe this to be valid, yet in the event, is this the reason high schoolers are becoming destructive and self-destructive? This report ought to give support for the way that a youngster s wretched mind can become noticed. Depression is characterizedRead MoreProblems Faced by Teenagers in Hong Kong1179 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult to manage. -for form 5 and 7 students, they need to face HKCEE and HKAL examination which can influence their future. 2) Peer pressure - Peers influence your life, even if you don t realize it, just by spending time with you. You learn from them, and they learn from you. It s only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group. - Sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. For example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cut class withRead MoreEcstasy And The Rave Culture Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesmodernized ways of living, and no doubt these technological advances will continue to grow. As a result drugs and chemicals are far more readily available than ever before in history, especially those of illegal drugs (J.Davies N.Coggans (1991) P.6). This has led to an increase in recreational drug use (drug taking for pleasure). This clearly has implications for health issues as drugs dont only create physical health issues but can cause emotional problems, tension, destructionRead MoreParents, Teenagers And Educators Often Fail To Realize1211 Words   |  5 PagesParents, teenagers and educators often fail to realize the potential for problems that alcohol presents to the immature psyche and body (Kay Healey, 1997). Teenage alcohol mishandle is one of the significant issues that influence scholarly execution, cause medical issues and is in charge of the demise of teenage drivers and at some point their travelers. Numerous high school students drink since they think it is cool and don t comprehend the threats of drinking alcohol. Alcohol is the world sRead MoreInfluencers on Yound Adults658 Words   |  3 PagesThere have been many arguments on this issue that whether family or friends have more influence on young adults. Different people have different way of thinking on this issue. Some consider friends to be more influential on the young adult while others have totally opposite views about it. But according to my view and experience, yo ung adults are more highly influenced by their friends rather than their parents. As we know that, parents are our first teachers and teach us all the fundamental socialRead MoreKid Misuse And Child Abuse1293 Words   |  6 PagesEach year more than 3 million reports of youngster misuse are made including more than 6 million kids. The United States has one of the most exceedingly bad records of kid misuse losing 4-7 kids a day to the misuse. Misuse is the point at which any conduct or activity that is utilized to startle, hurt, undermine, control or scare someone else. Kid misuse is a conduct outside the standards of behavior and involves significant danger of bringing on physical or enthusiastic damage. There are four principleRead MoreEssay on Against Legalization of Marijuana in Canada909 Words   |  4 Pagescausing negative impacts on public health and increasing marijuana consumption among youths. Also, the misuse of marijuana may cause people to drive under the influence of the drug, and hence, more accidents may occur, causing more expenses on public he alth care. Clearly, the downsides of legalizing marijuana outweigh its benefits. Marijuana is a drug that is harmful to a person ¡Ã‚ ¯s health. It has been found to have adverse impacts on one ¡Ã‚ ¯s mental processes such as memory, attention, judgement, and problem-Read MoreDrug Abuse And Its Effects On Youth And Teenagers1274 Words   |  6 Pages HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP ENGL1033 REPORT ASSIGNMENT DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON YOUTH AND TEENAGERS NAME: ALVIN ALEX MATHEW COLLEGE ID: C0652356 INSTRUCTOR NAME: SHAWNA SHELDON SUBMITTED ON: 06/01/2015 DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON YOUTH AND TEENAGERS Drug abuse has long been and still is a topical issue worldwide. There are so many reasons why individuals get addicted get to be reliant on drugs. A few individuals begin taking them out of immaculate interest, others to enhance their athletic

Presence Of Increased Stiffness Of The Common Carotid...

Study Design: Case-Control Study Title: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: A prospective study Journal: The Lancet Numerous epidemiological studies infer that cardiovascular complications have a directly proportional relationship with obesity in children. The study I chose however, has gone deeper by observing arterial changes as well as its relationship to cardiovascular risk in children who are obese. One of the reasons this study design was chosen by the author comes from a 55-year cohort study which evaluated the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in adults who were overweight in their adolescent years. The study showed that of the adults evaluated, the adults with obesity in their adolescent years had an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardio vascular disease, regardless of their weight classification as an adult. What these studies did not observe however, were the pathological changes that take place in the cardiovascular system, and even more specifically how obesity-associated artherogenesis develops during the adolescent years. Fortunately, with the dev elopment of new technology, different echo tracking procedures could be used to observe the pathological function of the carotid and brachial arteries and children. These new echo tracking techniques are noninvasive and can be used to determine if overweight children show early pathologicalShow MoreRelatedVascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( Vegf )2305 Words   |  10 Pagesuveitis, vas-cular manifestations and other multisystem affections [1,2]. Vasculitis causes endothelial destruction and thrombosis [3]. Inflammatory thrombosis is well-known in BD [4]. It has been recognized that vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs in BD and plays a substantial role in the vascular lesions. The path-ogenic mechanism is uncertain [5]. There are several identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members: VEGF (VEGF-A), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placenta growthRead MoreEssay On HIV700 Words   |  3 PagesStein et al. (2015) similarly conducted a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing effects of three ART treatments on carotid wall intima-media thickness (IMT). This was a multicenter project taking place over 26 institutions and included a total 328 participants. Subjects included HIV infected individuals who were not on any ART regimen and did not have known cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Participants who reported use of statins, fish oil, fibric acid derivatives or niacinRead MoreAcute Heart Failure ( Chf )1865 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the main causes of mortality and morbidity is congestive heart failure (CHF). The major causes of CHF are coronary artery disease and hypertension. Other risk factors are occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), valvular heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity and dyslipidemia [46, 47]. Diabetes mellitus as an anticipated factor of CHF was explained in some studies [44, 47]. Diabetes is considered as a risk factor for CHF but yet, its relationship with CHF has not been completelyRead MoreReport: Immobility Due to Cerebrovascular Accident3338 Words   |  13 Pagespatient suffering from immobility due to Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). The paper explores the necessary care that is necessary to help the patient cope with the situation while preserving his dignity. Introduction Immobility is one of the most common complications in stroke patients (Doshi, Say, Young, Doraisamy,2003).It is important for stroke patients who suffer from immobility problems to be taken care of appropriately. This is because immobility due to stroke may predispose a patient to deepRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 Pagesvilli. 3. Where is the primary defect in Parkinsons disease and Huntingtons? - (Pg 459) The inferior most portion of the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra, which synthesizes dopamine, a neurotransmitter and precursor of norepinephrine. Its dysfunction is associated with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons and Huntington’s are both defects of the basal ganglia. P. 564-565 ! 4. What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced? Where is it absorbed? - (Pg 465) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Influence Of Urban Legends On Various Art Forms Of 21st...

Summer Project On ‘Influence of Urban Legends on Various Art forms Of 21st Century ’ In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Award of Degree of B.A. Hons. English - 3 Submitted By: Supervised By: Annant Gaur Dr. Smita Mishra A0706113077 Asst. Professor Amity Institute of English Studies and Research AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH India DECLARATION Date: 30.7.2014 I, Annant Gaur, student of B.A. Hons - 3. English of Amity Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, hereby declare that I have completed the Project in English on The Influence of Urban Legends on Various Art Forms Of 21st Century in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of B.A. Hons. English I declare that it is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in full, for award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution. Annant Gaur A0706113077 AMITY UNIVERSITY --------------UTTAR PRADESH------------- Amity Institute of English Studies and Research Date: 7th Oct, 2014 PLAGIARISM REPORT The Term Paper/Dissertation titled ‘Influence of Urban Legends on various art forms of 21st Century’ submitted by Annant Gaur, Enrollment No. A0706113077 of Amity Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degreeShow MoreRelatedLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that doRead MoreJoker and Batman Essay9227 Words   |  37 PagesDetective Comics #27 (May 1939)The first Batman story, The Case of the Chemical Syndicate, appeared in Detective Comics #27, cover-dated May 1939. Finger wrote the first Batman strip and Kane provided the art. Finger said, Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps[6] and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals. The Bat-Man was a breakout hit, with sales on Detective Comics soaring to the point that the character was given his ownRead MoreImpact of Media on Socio-Cultural Values and Social Institution in Indian Society10316 Words   |  42 Pagesgrowth of media as an industry has accelerated over the past few years with new forms such as DVD and the internet changing the way we, the audience, consume and receive media. 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The Philosophy of Cartesianism Free Essays

â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum† (â€Å"I think, therefore I am. â€Å"), Descartes famous basis for his philosophy of Cartesianism, is also compelling evidence towards the defense of one of the most famous of the early Greek teachers, Socrates. In order to be, one must think. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philosophy of Cartesianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Socrates was a seeker of truth, and the highest knowledge is knowing what is best for oneself and one†s community. He was penalized and served the ultimate sentence for his belief in the true nature of education. He was blamed for opposing the authoritative belief that education had the sole purpose of transmitting social mores intact. He believed instead that education was meant to examine and re-evaluate social norms for the betterment of society. It was his re-evaluation of social norms that was perceived as dangerous by his society. This leads to the question, â€Å"Is it dangerous to think to much? † Is it sometimes better to let things be, in order to keep the peace? One of the many charges brought against Socrates was the charge of corrupting the youth with his teachings. Instead of letting the laws govern their lives, he was attempting to show his pupils ways of rationalizing their own world. God originally gave mankind free will so that we would not become a bunch of robots walking around doing his bidding, and yet this is what traditions were doing. The customs of early Athens were limiting on what a person could or could not believe. Socrates believed independent thought in itself could never be bad. It is what one does with this knowledge that determines its worth. Socrates believed that â€Å"self-knowledge† is different from the â€Å"knowledge of information† that had been handed down from generation to generation. Socrates was more concerned with ethical knowledge: self-understanding means self-improvement. Not only must one know what it means to be a human being and understand one’s own character (and how it falls short of the ideal), but knowing better means doing better. Knowledge becomes a virtue. One must transform one’s own character in the light of one’s vision of what is best. Socrates believed true knowledge or human wisdom was not abstract information or facts that filled the brain. It is knowledge that transforms character, brings order to a disorderly life, refines attitude, and makes one better. This self-understanding that Socrates taught his pupils is actually beneficial to a community. When one has order in their lives, it is easier for them to bring order to the world around them. When you smile the world cannot help smiling too. Conversely, when one allows himself to be corrupted, he corrupts the society around them. Self-improvement equals social reform. At the same time, social reform requires knowledge of what is best for the community (as a whole). Thus, since self-improvement and social reform are interdependent, self-knowledge and knowledge of social justice are also interdependent. Ethics is inseparable from politics and individual good is inseparable from the common good. Therefore, by teaching the youth to think without worrying about following tradition, Socrates not only helps them enhances themselves, but he improves society in general. There still remains the question as to whether or not this constant inquiry into the world can be detrimental. Without pioneers of thought, pioneers of action would never exist. As science progresses through time, more and more of its theories are being put into development. Although the progress of science has greatly enhanced society and the world we live in, there are many cases where an invention or discovery managed to set society back. One of the best examples of this is weapons of mass destruction, more specifically, the A-bomb. No one would disagree that this was a terrible thing to create; even the inventor had hesitations when he figured out what he was doing. Still he made it, and as society progress, it progressively develops newer and more destructive weapons. The irony is that the leaders of society are the people pushing for the bigger and better weapons, for the sake a guaranteeing public safety. Yet as more and more weapons are created the inevitable mass destruction of all societies becomes evident. In this way, Socratic thought and the quest for knowledge is detrimental to a society. Pure Socratic belief is best summed up by his saying, â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living. † Many of Socrates adversaries believed that this principle was an open invitation for anarchy. Examining life leads to new ideas that do not necessarily conform with the beliefs of society. This causes great movements of revolution. Socrates believed these movements were a great tool in the advancement of civilization. One great proof against this idea is the rise of Hitler and communism. Hitler examined his life and found that the Jews were the source of all his problems. He therefore decided to kill as many of them that he could. His ultimate goal was genocide. In this case the personal thoughts of an individual did not help the advancement of society. The new debate becomes, â€Å"Is it justifiable to condemn a person for Socratic behavior? † The answer is no. Everyone should be allowed to quest for knowledge. That is why the necessity for a college education in the modern world is so strong. Society needs thinkers. What is condemnable is the specific actions that are taken as a result of some of these thoughts. Hypothesizing about what a weapon of mass destruction can do and testing it out on innocent people and animals are two different things. Many people criticize Socrates for not being a man of action. All Socrates ever accomplished was questioning and probing the democratic beliefs of his day. He built nothing, and he wrote nothing, all he did was think, and a person cannot be condemned for their thoughts. In the big picture, people should be encouraged to think for themselves, to decide what they are going to believe and what they are going to dismiss as fiction. Society has the right to punish a man†s actions if they are causing harm to society, but expressing a view other than popular opinion is not harmful to society. In actuality, contemplation can help to resolve many of society†s problems. Meditation on a problem leads to possible solutions to the problem, and in essence, progress. By examining oneself, a person gains better insight into who they are, and where their place in society is. This allows them to become more secure with themselves and more efficient in the community. Socratic behavior is about examining everything in order to gain knowledge. The pursuit of knowledge is not condemnable as long as no one is getting hurt. How to cite The Philosophy of Cartesianism, Papers

Chemsitry assignment free essay sample

Aim Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are a big concern regarding the issue of medicines due to fake versions containing either the wrong ingredients or inaccuracy of the active ingredient which can cause toxicity issues in patients using these products. The aim of this experiment is to find if the percentage composition of the label (50% paracetamol, 40% aspirin and 10% sucrose) matches that of the percentage composition of the powder by following 10% ranges of each component in the powder. I am going to do this via a number of methods including vacuum filtration, heating, extraction and evaporation. Experimental method: The experiment was done in three parts: firstly the separation of sucrose, then the separation of Aspirin and the isolation of the unknown component. 1. Separation of Sucrose Weight out and 3. 00g of counterfeit pharmaceutical. Record the weight and transfer the sucrose to 100ml dry conical flask. Add 50ml of dichloromethane to the conical flask containing sucrose. Sucrose is usually liquid so adding organic solvent such as DCM will make the sucrose insoluble making it easy to collect the solid sucrose by vacuum filtration. Stir the mixture thoroughly containing the sucrose and DCM making sure the solid is dissolved. Filter the solid by vacuum filtration, saving the liquid for the next step into preweghed sample bag and filter paper. Weigh the sample bag containing the sucrose and record the mass of solid sucrose obtained by subtracting form the weight of sample bag and filter paper. 2. Separation of Aspirin Transfer the filtrate form the separation of sucrose to 100ml separating funnel and extract it with two 30ml portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution to form sodium acetyl salycilate which is insoluble in DCM. For both extractions, use a stirring rod to stir liquid layers until fizzing stops, and place a stopper and shake separating funnel. Transfer the two separate layer solutions to two different 100ml beakers labelling two solutions DCM and aqueous. Return DCM layer to the separating funnel before the second extraction. Combine the two aqueous extracts in one beaker. While stirring with glass rod add slowly 7. 0ml of 6M hydrochloric acid to aqueous extract . test pH of solution with pH strip test and bring the Ph down to 2 or less by adding more acid as required. Cool solution in ice bath for 10 minutes. Recover solid by vacuum filtration and place in preweighed, labelled sample bag and record the mass. 3. Isolation of unknown component Put solution containing DCM solution form previous step onto gently heated steam bath in a fume cupboard (trying not to boil). After a while the DCM will start to evaporate and a white solid will be left. Once all DCM evaporates transfer white solid to reweighed sample bag and label. Results: Mass of Sucrose recovered: 1. 84g Mass of Aspirin recovered: 2.61g Mass of unknown component recovered: 3. 77g Calculations: Percentage recovery: (1. 84g+2. 41g+3. 77g) / 3. 00g = 2. 74% Percentage composition: Sucrose: (1. 84/8. 22)*100 = 22. 0% Aspirin: (2. 61/8. 22)*100 = 32. 0% Unknown: (3. 77/8. 22)*100 = 46. 0% Questions 1. Is the percentage composition on the original container correct? Based on my results and the percentage compositions recovered from the experiment the percentage composition of the powder does not match the percentage composition of the label. As the labelled had claimed that the counterfeit pharmaceutical contained (10% Sucrose, 40% Aspirin and 50% of the unknown) which was said to be paracetamol. However the analysis of the counterfeit pharmaceutical produced about 20% sucrose, 30% aspirin and 50% of paracetamol. Also the labelled claimed that the unknown component was paracetamol , although analysis of the unknown sample identified it as Phenactin 2. Describe any evidence that a chemical reaction occurred when you added the 6M HCL to the solution of sodium acetylsalicylate. A solution of 6M of HCL was added to sodium acetylsalicylate, and the pH of the resultant solution was tested until the pH had gone down to about 2 or less, using the pH paper indicator. 2b. Explain why the changes you observed took place? This change was observed because the HCL was able to convert the salt in acetylsalicylate into the precipitate that was filtered in the separation of aspirin. 3. Describe and explain the effect on you result for the possible experimental errors. Specify which components percentages would be too high or too low and explain why. a. After adding DCM to counterfeit pharmaceutical at the beginning you didn’t stir the mixture before filtering? The sucrose obtained would not be pure and have lower percentage composition as it would contain impurities of the other components this is because sucrose is insoluble and does not dissolve in DCM, whereas the other components of the mixture are soluble in DCM. So you need to stir the mixture before filtering to make sure all the other components except sucrose are dissolved in DCM. Therefore the only solid that remains undissolved will be the sucrose which can be collected by vacuum filtration. During the sodium bicarbonate solution extraction, you failed to mix the organic and aqueous solutions thoroughly. The aqueous and organic layers should be fully mixed because aspirin is soluble in DCM and so that sodium acetylsalicylate can move from the insoluble ( DCM layer) to the aqueous soluble layer. c. You mistakenly extracted DCM with 5% HCL than 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. When sodium bicarbonate was extracted with DCM the sodium in sodium bicarbonate reacted with carboxylic acid functional group in Aspirin to form sodium acetylsalicylate salt. Therefore if DCM was to be extracted with HCL the sodium acetylsalicylate would not be formed and sodium acetylsalicylate would remain in the DCM layer therefore the percentage of Aspirin and the unknown component would be higher than expected. d. You neutralised sodium bicarbonate solution to pH 7 rather than pH 2. . 4. Acetanilide and phenacetin are not appreciably acidic paracetamol is stronger acid than water. What problem would you encounter if the unknown compound was Paracetamol rather than acetanilide or phenacetin, and you extracted the aspirin with 5% NaOH? Explain giving equations for relevant reactions. Paracetamol has –OH functional group and aspirin has-COOH (carboxylic acid) functional group. Both these functional groups would react with Na when NaCHO^3 is added to paracetamol and aspirin. Therefore they would both produce sodium salts which would both move from the insoluble layer in DCM to the soluble aqueous layers making it difficult to separate the Paracetamol and Aspirin components. 5. Paracetamol is weaker acid than carbonic acid but aspirin is stronger acid than carbonic acid. Prepare a flow diagram like the one in this experiment, showing a procedure for separating a mixture of sucrose, aspirin and paracetamol.